ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to compare dietary intake estimates using two different methodological approaches: use of new portions obtained with the 24-Hour Diet Recall, which was applied in the current study population, and the application of calibration equations, which were estimated using the same 24h-recalls. Methods Calibration equations were estimated using linear regression. The medians and confidence intervals of energy and nutrient intakes were assessed using all the approaches. The U Mann Whitney test was applied to verify differences among dietary intakes obtained with the 24 Hour Recall and Food Frequency Questionnaire-based methods. The correlation between different measures was assessed with Spearman coefficient. Weighted Kappa was used to verify the capability of the Food Frequency Questionnaire -based methods to classify individuals in the same intake levels of the 24 Hour Recall. Results Nine of the eleven components that were analyzed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire with standard portions and calibrated had medians significantly different from those obtained using the 24 Hour Recall; only the measurements of vitamin E and energy were statistically equal. For the Food Frequency Questionnaire with 24 Hour Recall portions, only the medians of vitamin D and B12 did not significantly differ from the 24 Hour Recall medians. Finally, for the Food Frequency Questionnaire with 24 Hour Recall portions and calibrated, all components, except folate and iron, had medians statistically equal to those obtained using the 24 Hour Recall. Spearman correlation coefficients were higher for the Food Frequency Questionnaire with 24 Hour Recall portions calibrated for all the assessed components, and the values ranged from 0.27 (total fat) to 0.57 (iron). Higher Kappa correlation coefficients were found for the Food Frequency Questionnaire 24 Hour Recall portions calibrated. Conclusion Calibrated FFQ with portions estimated from the own target population obtained better estimates of dietary intake, with values considerably more similar to those obtained with the reference method.
RESUMO Objetivo Comparar estimativas de ingestão alimentar de Questionário de Frequência Alimentar em conjunto a duas abordagens: porções obtidas de Recordatórios-24h aplicados na população de estudo, e equações de calibração, calculadas a partir dos mesmos Recordatórios-24h. Métodos Foram descritas medianas e intervalos de confiança de energia e nutrientes. O teste U de Mann-Whitney foi aplicado para verificar diferenças entre os dados obtidos com o Recordatório-24h e com o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar. A correlação entre as medianas de ingestão foi verificada com o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman; e para verificar se os métodos baseados no Questionário de Frequência Alimentar foram capazes de classificar os indivíduos nos mesmos níveis de ingestão do Recordatório-24h, foi utilizado o coeficiente de Kappa ponderado. Resultados Para o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar Porção Padrão calibrado, 9 dos 11 nutrientes analisados tiveram medianas diferentes das do Recordatório-24h. Para o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar Porção do Recordatório-24h, somente as vitaminas D e B12 não apresentaram diferença significativa em relação ao Recordatório-24h; para o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar Porção do Recordatório-24h calibrado, todos os nutrientes, à exceção de folato e ferro, tiveram medianas estatisticamente iguais às obtidas com o Recordatório-24h. Os coeficientes de correlação de Spearman foram maiores para o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar Porção do Recordatório-24h calibrado para todos os nutrientes avaliados, variando de 0,27 (gordura total) a 0,57 (ferro). Em relação ao Kappa ponderado, os maiores coeficientes foram encontrados para o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar Porção do Recordatório-24h calibrado. Conclusão A utilização do Questionário de Frequência Alimentar calibrado e com porções estimadas na própria população de estudo apresenta melhores estimativas da ingestão alimentar, com valores mais próximos ao método de referência.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Eating , Nutrition Surveys , Data Interpretation, StatisticalABSTRACT
Abstract The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of external genital lesions (EGLs), specifically histologically confirmed condyloma (genital warts) and Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia (PeIN), and genital HPV infection progression to EGLs among healthy men aged 18-73 residing in Brazil. Subjects included 1118 men enrolled in the HPV Infection in Men (HIM) study between July 2005 and June 2009. At each visit, EGLs were biopsied and subjected to pathological evaluation. HPV status in genital swabs and biopsies was determined by Linear Array and INNO-LiPA, respectively. Age-specific EGLs incidence and the proportion and median time to EGL development were estimated. Kaplan-Meier cumulative incidence rates at 6, 12, and 24 months were determined. During follow-up, 73 men developed an incident EGL. Men could develop multiple EGLs and there were 36 men with condyloma, 27 men with lesions suggestive of condyloma, six men with PeIN, and 20 men with non-HPV lesions. HPV-positive men who developed EGLs were younger (p = 0.002) than men that did not develop lesions. Among the 815 men with HPV infection, 4% progressed to EGL with the same HPV detected in the swab. During follow up, 15.7% of genital HPV-6 and HPV-11 infections progressed to condyloma (median progression time of nine months for HPV-6 versus 6.8 months for HPV-11). Approximately 1% of HPV-16 infections progressed to PeIN with a median progression time of 25 months. HPV types covered by the 4-valent HPV vaccine were detected in 82.3% and 83.3% of condyloma and PeIN, respectively. The high burden of HPV and high frequency of progression to disease underscores the need to offer HPV prophylactic vaccination to men to reduce the overall burden of infection and diseases caused by HPV.